it Hh 4 iY fh + t Hi HY fh 2 ! ! i ! ty i i ott) t Ht iH ry i i} } : i i + } Ht 1} ti + y ty } y H H i ’ 4 i Hi tf fi iH 09 oi Bo teee ets HH ise sat elie shrpsy ad: pene eptetaty tr a ic nf i rit st “1 is iH sete ati ys tet » i 2 i Sethe Lereresnertes saeeetsies sf aisha HY t ee tt ni Hs : Hy H \ if ae ret itat Raith Ta a un i # ei ee 2, f ae te fall al ; 7 nig y is oe , i i un a0 so 4 hip ame), Seun.e&. Cn 7 NOV 1963 } THE TAXONOMY OF THE Sus” DREPANINAE REPRESENTED IN CHINA, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION (LEPIDOPTERA : DREPANIDAE) A. WATSON BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Supplement 12 LONDON: 1968 THE TAXONOMY OF THE DREPANINAE REPRESENTED IN CHINA, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION (LEPIDOPTERA : DREPANIDAE) BY A. WATSON 14 Plates, 293 Text-figs. BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Supplement 12 LONDON: 1968 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), tnstituted in 1949, 1s issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Supplement No. 12 of the Entomo- logical series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation : Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) © Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1968 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM: (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 13 November, 1968 Price £5 THE TAXONOMY OF THE DREPANINAE REPRESENTED IN CHINA, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION (LEPIDOPTERA : DREPANIDAE) By A. WATSON CONTENTS Page SYNOPSIS ; : : : : : : : , ? : 3 INTRODUCTION ; ; : - . : : es : 3 DISTRIBUTION . ; : : ; ; ; : : d ‘ 6 KEY TO GENERA ¢ : : ‘ ; 3 : ; : : 14 Main TAXONOMIC PaRT . 3 5 * - 3 : : : 16 REFERENCES . : : : 2 : : : : : : 145 INDEX . : : : ; 3 : : ; = : : 149 SYNOPSIS A review is given of the taxonomy and distribution of the 76 species of Chinese Drepaninae, and the taxonomic status of a further 8 species is examined. The genera Agnidra, Albara, Betalbara, Callicilix, Didymana, Nordstroemia and Pseudalbara are revised. A new genus, Paralbava, 14 new species and 10 new subspecies are described. 30 names are newly placed in synonymy, three names are extracted from synonymy, and 31 changes in the combination of species-group and generic names are made. A key to the genera of Drepaninae found in China is given. The world distribution of the genera, species and subspecies of Drepaninae represented in China is discussed. The species distribution is compared with that of the Oretinae, the other subfamily of Drepanidae present in China. For purposes of this paper China, Formosa and Tibet are included in the term ‘ China’. INTRODUCTION TuE British Museum (Natural History) has for several years possessed Drepaninae material from Szechwan and adjacent provinces of China, chiefly from the collections of Charles Oberthtir and J. H. Leech. In the early 1960's I was able to study the Drepaninae from the valuable collection made by the late Dr. H. Héne (see Gross, 1962), now housed in the Museum Alexander Koenig, in Bonn, Germany, which includes examples from eastern and central provinces of China where little or no previous collecting had been carried out. The collection at Bonn together with the BM(NH) material and specimens from several European museums and the United States National Museum have made possible this survey of the Drepaninae of China. The opportunity has been taken to broaden the scope of this paper to include related species from India, Japan and other areas associated zoogeographically with 4 A. WATSON China wherever sufficient material was available or where knowledge of these species is particularly relevant to the identification and distribution of the Chinese species. This inclusion of non-Chinese species anticipates, to some extent, future records of species not yet known from China. Seven of the Drepaninae genera represented in China have been revised as a result of this wider treatment. The nominal genera Ditrigona Moore (1887 : 258), Peridrepana Butler (1889 : 43) and Leucodrepana Hampson (1892 : 333) are excluded from discussion in the following paper as they are currently being revised by Dr. C. Wilkinson. A revision of Teldenia Moore (1882 : 119) was published by Wilkinson (1967) during the final stages of the preparation of this paper. Two species of Teldenia have been recorded from China. Apart from the extensive collection in the Museum Koenig, Bonn, important material has been lent to me by the following museums and institutes : Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford, U.K. ; Landhauptstadt Wiesbaden Stadtisches Museum, Germany ; Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France ; Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria ; Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden ; Rijksmuseum van Natuurljyke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands ; United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. ; Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Leningrad, U.S.S.R. Further material was borrowed from the private collections of Drs. F. Daniel (Munich), H. Inoue (Japan), and H. Yamamoto (Japan). The types of nearly all the nominal species mentioned in the text have been examined by the author either in the BM(NH) or in European museums. The types of Matsumura species have been kindly studied for me by Dr. H. Inoue in Japan. Lectotypes have been selected where necessary and where it has been possible to examine the syntypic material. I should like to acknowledge the generous co-operation of the following workers who have helped by arranging loans of material or in other ways : Dr. C. Besuchet, Geneva, Switzerland ; Dr. F. Daniel, Munich, Germany ; Dr. D. Davis, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. ; Dr. W. D. Duckworth, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. ; Dr. M. Falkovitch, Leningrad, U.S.S.R. ; Mr. D. S. Fletcher, London, U.K. ; Dr. W. Forster, Munich, Germany ; Dr. E. Franz, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany ; Dr. F. J. Gross, Wies- baden, Germany ; Dr. H. J. Hannemann, Berlin, D.D.R. ; the late Dr. B. Hanson, Stockholm, Sweden ; Dr. H. Inoue, Fujisawa, Japan; Dr. F. Kasy, Vienna, Austria ; Dr. A. I. Kurentzov, Vladivostok, U.S.S.R. ; Dr. C. Lemaire, Paris, France ; Dr. B. Mannheims, Bonn, Germany ; Dr. I. W. B. Nye, London, U.K. ; Dr. E. C. Popham, Salford, U.K. ; Dr. U. Roesler, Bonn, Germany ; Dr. K. Sattler, London, U.K. ; Dr. H. Schroder, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany ; Mr. E. Taylor, Oxford, U.K. ; Dr. .E. Tedd, Washington, D-C., UlS.A. ; ‘Professor:G. C. Vantage Oxford, U.K..;. Dr. P. Viette, Paris, France_; Mr. P. Es. Whalley, London, UKs Dr. C. Wilkinson, Portsmouth, U.K. ; Dr. H. Yamamoto, Fukuoka, Japan. The technical assistance of Miss K. Brookes, Miss R. Hauenstein and Mrs. J. E. Saunders is also gratefully acknowledged. It would be difficult to overestimate the magnanimous help given to me by the late Dr. H. Héne of the Museum Koenig, Bonn, who made available his superb CHINESE DREPANINAE 5 Chinese collection. My thanks are also to his widow whose many kindnesses during my work on the collection at Bonn are not forgotten. The photographic work was done in the Photographic Section of the British Museum (Natural History) under the supervision of Mr. M. G. Sawyers. ext-fisures I, 5, 9, 12, 18, 19, 20, 27, 57, 61,108, 114, 128, 132, 133, 138, 143, 149, 153, and 158 were drawn by Mr. Arthur Smith. The remaining drawings, except for text-figures 89-96, IoI-104, 165-182, 203-218, 251-274 and 291-203, which were drawn by the author, were prepared by Mrs. J. E. Saunders. The term ‘ comb. rev.’ is used to denote a change in the combination of a specific or subspecific name and a generic name which restores a previously published combination ; ‘comb. n.’ is used in the usual way to denote a new combination ; ‘sp. rev.’ and ‘ ssp. rev.’ are used to denote, respectively, species and subspecies names which have been removed from synonymy. BM(NH) is an abbreviation of British Museum (Natural History). Names of other institutions have been short- ened, not abbreviated in the strict sense, the full titles being given above. Biblio- graphical references in the text are given mainly in a shortened form, the full refer- ence appearing at the end of the paper. The form of the descriptions is similar to that in Watson (1965 : 7) except that the fore wing measurements are given in the following sequence : range of measure- ments in the material examined from apex to centre of mesoscutum, followed, in parentheses, by the number of specimens measured. Some of the more unusual morphological characters merit comment here. For example, in Cilix, Sc + Ry (vein 8) anastomoses with the base of the cell a short distance after it arises from the base of the hind wing, in contrast with most other Drepanidae in which Sc + Ry, anastomoses with or approximates to Rs for a short distance distal to the end of the cell. The only other exceptions found so far are Phalacropsis carnosa Swinhoe, Phalacra edentata Hampson, Phalacra kerara Swinhoe and Phalacra tenera Swinhoe (see Gaede 1931, for references to original descriptions), all of which are Oriental species that have not been recorded from China. Also unusual in the Drepaninae is the presence in the males of Pseudalbara of a vestigial frenulum, which is present as a short costal process concealed by scales. All other Drepaninae have a reason- ably well-developed frenulum in the male, as in the Madagascan Nidarinae, but in contrast with the Oretinae, the males and females of which lack a frenulum. Modification of the seventh as well as the eighth abdominal sternum in the male is present in the abdomen of Paralbara, Albara, Betalbara, Agnidra, Thymistida, Nordstroemia, Didymana and Strepsigonia. The seventh sternite may be sym- metrical or asymmetrical bilaterally. In Strepsigonia two separate medial sclerites seem to have been derived from the seventh abdominal sternum ; both sclerites are bilaterally asymmetric. The medial eighth abdominal sternite is usually bilaterally symmetric, but can be asymmetric as in Parvalbara. Lateral sacs are found associated with the pleural region of the eighth segment in some species of Betalbara and Agnidra, and in one species of Nordstroemia. In some species of Betalbara and Agnidra separate lateral sclerites are placed on either side of the normal medial eighth sternite. 6 A. WATSON The key to genera and most of the keys to species are based on males alone. There are two main reasons for this : firstly that the females of some species are not yet known, and secondly that it is difficult or impossible at this stage to identify the females of some groups of closely related species. Reference to a particular country or area in the paragraph on distribution in each species description indicates that material from there has been identified during the present study. DISTRIBUTION Generic distribution. (See Table 1.) Most of the genera of Drepaninae which occur in China have been recently revised, or are fairly well known in that their taxonomy appears to be reasonably satisfactory and that identification of the included species presents little difficulty. It has been possible, therefore, to show in Table 1 the world distribution of these genera. Where genera have been revised in the present paper, details of the distribution of all the included species have been given in the Table ; the species of recently revised genera are listed in the Table only if they are known to occur in China, but the full world distribution of each genus is indicated. The species of other genera whose taxonomy is in an acceptable state but which have not been revised recently or in this paper are listed fully. It has been possible to give some idea in the Table of the distribution of the remaining genera only when the generic placement of the included species is considered to be probably correct. Nine of the 26 genera of Drepaninae present in China are either endemic to the Indo-Chinese Subregion or have a high proportion of Indo-Chinese species with incursions chiefly into the south-eastern limits of the Palaearctic Region and into the Malayan Subregion. Tridrebana and Canucha extend to the Papuan Sub- region, including the Solomons (Tvidrepana). Palaeodrepana, Drepana and Cilix do not occur east of the Indo-Chinese Subregion but extend westwards into Europe (including Britain). Although some taxonomic reappraisal of Strepsigonia, Drape- todes and Hyalospectra is needed, it seems likely that the former two will prove to be chiefly Malayan, while the range of Hyalospectra will probably prove to be com- parable with that of Canucha or Tridrepana. Callidrepana is unique in the Drepaninae in that it is represented both in the Oriental Region and in the Ethiopian Region where three West African species are known (see Watson, 1965). No comment can be made on the details of its Oriental distribution until a generic revision has been carried out. Although the overall pattern of distribution may be distorted by the possibility of differential extinction and the certainty that the areas involved have not been uniformly covered by collectors, it seems reasonable to suppose that the apparent high percentages of endemism in the Indo-Chinese Subregion represent the real pattern of distribution. Thymistida, Didymana and Thymistadopsis, for example, are unknown beyond the limits of the Indo-Chinese Subregion, while in Paralbara, Agnidra, Betalbara, Nordstroemia, Deroca and Auzata the percentages of specific endemism in this Subregion range from 60% in Betalbara to 83% in Auzata. This CHINESE DREPANINAE U4 high degree of endemism possibly reflects the enhanced opportunities for speciation in the varied ecological conditions resulting from the Cenozoic elevation of the Himalayas and suggests that this part of south-eastern Asia can reasonably be considered as the probable centre of origin for several Drepaninae genera. The Papuan Subregion forms another centre of endemism in Tridrepana and Canucha— possibly a secondary centre at least in Tvidrepbana which has a greater proportion of endemic Indo-Chinese species than Papuan species. A pattern of distribution similar to that in Tvidrepana occurs in Oreta (Drepanidae, Oretinae) (see Watson, 1967). The small genus Cilix is known from Western Europe, the Mediterranean area (including North Africa), the Middle East, Afghanistan, northern India, China, Korea, Japan and south-eastern Russia; a pattern which suggests a dispersal route for the genus from a possible Indo-Chinese centre, where the greatest degree of endemism occurs. The pre-Glacial pattern of distribution might, however, have revealed a more northerly route or a much broader North-South distribution. Specific distribution. (See Table 1.) A total of 76 species of Drepaninae have so far been described from China. A further one or perhaps two species of the genus Drapetodes occur there but have not yet been described. Fifty-three species are endemic to the Indo-Chinese Subregion. Sixteen species are shared by the Indo- Chinese Subregion and the Manchurian Subregion of the Palaearctic Region, with two of these species, Drepana curvatula and Palaeodrepana harpagula, extending into Western Europe and the British Isles. Three species are found in both the Indo-Chinese and Malayan Subregions ; one species occurs in the Indo-Chinese, Malayan and Indian Subregions ; one species is common to the Indo-Chinese and Malayan Subregions and Celebes, and one to the Indo-Chinese, Indian and Malayan Subregions and Celebes. One species is Manchurian but is not known from else- where in China. The species of Drepaninae found in China are thus predominantly endemic to the Indo-Chinese Subregion, with incursions chiefly into the adjacent Malayan and Indian Subregions of the Oriental Region and into the Manchurian Subregion of the Palaearctic Region. Only four of the Chinese species extend beyond these limits ; they are Drepana curvatula and Palaeodrepana harpagula which are found in Western Europe, and Tridrepana fulvata and Canucha specularis whose ranges extend as far east as Celebes. Except for specularis, each of the latter four species is represented at the periphery of its range by a subspecies different from that occuring in China. Within China, judging from the high degree of endemism and the presence of several groups of closely related species, the provinces of Szechwan and Yunnan apparently form a centre of evolutionary activity for many genera (the Yunnan Centre of de Lattin, 1957), with a second, less well defined centre in the hilly eastern provinces of Chekiang and Fukien. The distribution of the Chinese species of Oveta Walker and Cyclura Warren (Drepanidae, Oretinae) (see Watson, 1967), is comparable with that of the Drepaninae except that no species of Oveta, or indeed Oretinae, occurs in Western Europe and there is apparently no zoogeographical match in the Drepaninae for the Nearctic 8 A. WATSON Oreta rosea Walker which is closely allied to the Chinese species O. pulchripes Butler. One genus of Drepaninae, Dvepana Schrank, is represented both in China and the Nearctic Region, but in contrast with Oveta the two Nearctic species of Drepana, arcuata Walker (1855 : 164) and bilineata Packard (1864 : 376), apparently have their closest relatives in Western Europe. However arcuata is not taxonomically distant from curvatula Borkhausen, which is found not only in Western Europe but also in the Oriental Region (including China) and the eastern limits of the Palae- arctic Region. TABLE I The World Distribution of the genera, species and subspecies of Drepaninae represented in China ¥ Oriental Region [Subdivisions | 2 2 are those of Gressitt (1956)] z = s a. | ¢. ne onl » 5 gt ee | ele | ee | el ae fo) oe a ele | et fg a ais e 2 o | gp ee aA) o w Be < 5 o | o @ |298 iQ’) = 1) n vu. B og io) og. OE: 5 W 5 io) 5 fe) BS 2 ® g 5 oO se loz wn oc 5 ® os] 3 g @ | %&. ga Cet 5 QO ay ° 2 3 ae 7) =) BW ead etal er “ 3) 7, fe) mee =) > —_ o | = w Fh = = 4 ion A | = a ® ® eo) Gaee vee I) fe) gs | 2 5 ion a} ie) “Ee fo) 5 (Col. 1) (2) | (3) | (4) | Gs) | (©) | (7) | ©) | (9) | (o)] (1)] 2) Albava Walker x x x veversavia Walker x x x veversavia veversarvia x veversavia opalescens Warren x x Paralbara gen. n. Sah Silex muscularia Walker x x perhamata Hampson x spicula sp. n. ae ex pallidinota sp. n. x CHINESE DREPANINAE 9 (Col. 1) (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (©) | (7) | (8) | (9) [(20) | (zx) | (x2) Thymistida Walker x) xX nigvitincta Warren x tripunctata Walker aan Wee: iy dae Sa la a We hoenei sp. n. x fulvior sp. n. x furva sp. n. x fenestva Leech Kal xX specularia Walker x x corticata Warren x x corticata corticata x corticata francki ssp. n. x vinacea Moore x scabiosa Butler Xiot K scabiosa scabiosa x scabiosa fixsent Bryk al Nia fuscilinea Watson x discispilaria Moore x Betalbava Matsumura via i 2 al ee ee acuminata Leech x | x manleyi Leech x | X manleyi manleyi x manleyi prolatioy ssp. n. x prunicoloy Moore i EX leucosticta Hampson a Sa ia flavilinea flavilinea Leech x flavilinea flavilinea Leech oe flavilinea shensiensis ssp. n. x cupreogrisea Hampson x vectilinea sp. n. > vugosa sp. 0. Sol violacea Butler Re OX vobusta Oberthiir x Pseudalbara Inoue ~ ill ix parvalu Leech Salles fuscifascia sp. n. x Nordstroemia Bryk AGRI le > S| Veo ga Sa viva Moore xh bicostata Hampson xl Os bicostata bicostata x bicostata opalescens Oberthiir x agna Oberthiir x problematica Bryk Xx argenticeps Warren x sumatrana Roepke x japonica Moore Xai aX gvisearia Staudinger x 10 A. WATSON a Oriental Region [Subdivisions 8 are those of Gressitt (1956) ] mt a Bee Be | atell Gled el di ie) oS EE oles | oo ang EP) Slee e a9, © Ue ee ee ee = 0. Bee Bl w ey 5 = me 2 | 2 5 o co SF 2. o eae 2 a | 8 9g. wy io | = g Zo eal) Pee ee @ <3) _ t+ + | 8 ZAMS Oneal) ee ee E e | 5 3 0g 8 | 2 o ion 5 i oD SEE fe) 5 (Col. x) (2) | (3) | (4) |) | © | (7) | 8) | ©) |(zo) |i) vecava Sp. N. x lilacina Moore x simillima Moore x stccifolia Roepke x ochrozona Bryk x duplicata Warren x x humevata Warren x undata sp. n. x Didymana Bryk x x bidens Leech x x Palaeodvepana Inoue x x x harpagula Esper x x x harpagula harpagula Esper | x x x harpagula olivacea Inoue x harpagula emarginata ssp. n. x harpagula bitorosa ssp. 0. x binaria Hufnagel s cultvavia Fabricius x Strepsigonia Warren [Generic revision needed. 6 species at present recognized] Xx x x x diluta Warren x x other material examined Xx Xx x x x x x Canucha Walker curvaria Walker sublignata Warren uorseyy uerdoryyy WOLSEY] OTJOIVONT x X X CHINESE DREPANINAE (Col. 1) specularis Moore duplexa Moore duplexa duplexa Moore duplexa birmana Moore bouviert Oberthiir mivanda Warren Drepana Schrank [Generic revision needed. 11 species are at present recognized: generic distribution doubtful.) curvatula Borkhausen curvatula curvatula Borkhausen cuvvatula acuta Butler vufofasciata Hampson pallida Moore pallida pallida Moore pallida cretacea Moore pallida flexuosa ssp. n. pallida nigromaculata Okano dispilata Warren dispilata dispilata Warren dispilata vufata ssp. n. dispilata griseavipennis Strand other species Tridvepana Swinhoe [See revision by Watson (1957) for distribution of remaining 24 species. | fulvata Snellen fulvata fulvata Snellen fulvata brevis Watson fulvata, undescribed subspecies avikana Matsumura avikana avikana Matsumura avikana falcipennis crocea Leech unispina Watson finita Watson vubvomarginata Leech vubvomarginata vubromarginata Leech vubromarginata indica Watson thermopasta Hampson maculosa Watson marginata Watson fulvua Hampson other species Callidvepana Hampson [Generic revision needed. 26 species at present recegnized. | x ok x x x x x xX X a ON a xX X x xX X x > > ir, aps xX XX xX XK XK X x xX XK X x X x x x x x x x 12 (Col. 1) patvana Moore patrana patrana Moore patrana palleollus Motschulsky ovata sp. n. gemina sp. n. gemina gemina gemina curta ssp. n. hivayamai Nagano hivayamai hivayamai Nagano hivayamai forcipulata Nagano other species Drapetodes Guenée [Generic revision needed : 10 species at present recognized | I or 2 unidentified species (Chinese) other species Thymistadopsis Warren albidescens Hampson tvrilineavia Moore tvilinearia trilineavia Moore trilinearia pulvis Oberthiir undulifera Hampson Devoca Walker [Generic revision by Watson (1959).] hyalina Walker hyalina hyalina Walker hyalina latizona Watson hidda Swinhoe hidda hidda Swinhoe . WATSON UWOIBAY OTpOIvITe zy o n ZA ° - wn i] 0g ish fe) 5 uoIse1qns uelINnyoueyy — Ww x Oriental Region [Subdivisions are those of Gressitt (1956) | uwolsaiqns asouty-opuy VNIHDOD x X UOTSIIGNS FO 4SaxT PS POS uorserqns urdAryeypy uoIsaIqNS ULIpUuy soqelea uorseyy ueidoryya uwOTsexT II}OIVAN sourddyryq uordeiqns uendeg CHINESE DREPANINAE (Col. 1) hidda bifida Watson pulla Watson inconclusa Walker inconclusa inconclusa Walker inconclusa concinna Warren inconclusa carinata Watson inconclusa phasma Butler Calliciix Butler abraxata Butler abraxata abraxata Butler abraxata nguldoe Oberthiir Auzata Walker {Genus revised by Watson (1959) | semipavonaria Walker chinensis Leech chinensis chinensis Leech chinensis prolixa Watson chinensis arcuata Watson simpliciata Warren superba Butler superba superba Butler superba cristata Watson minuta Leech minuta minuta Leech minuta spiculata Watson ocellata Warren Macrocilix Butler mysticata Walker mysticata mysticata Walker mysticata watsoni Inoue mysticata brevinotata Watson maia Leech taiwana Wileman orbiferata Walker orbiferata orbiferata Walker orbiferata cilicoides Snellen sericea Warren Hyalospectra Warren [Generic revision needed. Generic distribution doubtful] hyalinata Moore Cilix Leech glaucata Sco poli asiatica Bang-Haas depalpata Strand filipjevi Kardakoft filipjevi filipjevi Karkakoff filipjevi malivora Inoue patula sp. n. x xX X X xX X x X x x x xX XX XK XK X mM RK OS xX X xX KX XK XK XK X x X x x x X xX X X x X x x xX X X (9) 13 (10) | (11) |(12) 14 (Col. 1) daniel sp. n. tatsienluica Oberthiir Macrauzata Butler [Genus in need of revision | fenestraria Moore minoy Okano maxima Inoue maxima maxima Inoue maxima chinensis Inoue other material examined Phalacra Walker [Genus in need of revision. Generic distribution doubtful. I2 species at present recognized. ] strigata Warren undescribed species A. WATSON UOTSaXT FO SOT UOTsAY IGOIKsleq uolseiqns uelinyouryy ay x Oriental Region [Subdivisions are those of Gressitt (1956) | uorseIqns asoury-Opuy aN VNIHO x x UOLS9IqNS FO 4S9XY x x x uo1seiqns uvrAryeyl uOIseIqns ULIpUy soqeya9 uorseyy uerdory}y sourddyryq uotseiqns uendeg UOTSAYT OTZOIVIN (8) | (9) |(t0) | (x1) | (12) KEY TO GENERA BASED ON THE ORIENTAL SPECIES MALES i Apex of fore wing falcate (e.g. Pl. 1, fig. 294) Apex of fore wing not falcate (e.g. Pl. 12, fig. 373) 2 Ground-colour of upper surface of wings white — Ground-colour of upper surface of wings not white DRAPETODES (p. 3 Anal angle of upper surface of hind wing with some yellow coloration 4 Wings transparent, sparsely scaled — Wings not transparent, ground-colour opaque tines MACROCILIX (p. — Anal angle of upper surface of hind wing with no yellow coloration DEROCA (p. CILIX (p. 1 ae a 24 CHINESE DREPANINAE 15 Frenulum vestigial, not visible without removal of surrounding scales. Colour- pattern as in Pl. 3, figs. 320 or 321 : : : PSEUDALBARA (p. 65) Frenulum well-devloped. Colour-pattern not as in PI. 3, figs. 320 or 321 : é 6 Ground-colour of wings white . : 3 ; : : F : : : ji Ground-colour of wings not white. : rit Wings with large transparent areas as in Pl. 13, fig. 378 _H YALOSPECTRA ip. 136) Wings not as in PI. 13, fig. 378 ; ‘ : 8 Transverse lines on upper surface of hind wing lunulate or dentate : : : 9 Transverse lines on upper surface of hind wings not indented THYMISTADOPSIS (p. 124) Antennae lamellate. Hind tibia with two pairs of well-developed spurs AUZATA (p. 130) Antennae not lamellate. Hind tibia with one pair of spurs (Drepana) ; or with two pairs of spurs, in which case the outer spur of the proximal pair is vestigial and not visible without removal of the surrounding scales (Callicilix) ; : : 10 Hind tibia with one pair of spurs. 5 . . . DREPANA (part) (p. 103) Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs. : ; CALLICILIX (p. 127) Hind wing with tail or angulate process at ontns angle oranalangle . : , ne Hind wing without tail or angulate process at outer angle or anal angle : 13 Antenna bipectinate. Outer margin of fore wing with process THYMIS TIDA (p. 24) Antenna lamellate. Outer margin of fore wing without process . PHALACRA (p. 143) Highly lustrous scales present on upper surface of wings ; especially along costa, outer margin and at distal end of cell. ; : . CALLIDREPANA (p. 113) Upper surface of wings without highly lustrous scales : : : ; 14 Outer margin of fore wing with process (e.g. Pl. 4, a 331) ‘ : ; ‘ 15 Outer margin of fore wing without process ? - , 16 Ground-colour of upper surface of fore wing the same as that of hind winig Distal third of hind wing yellowish brown, not paler than rest of wing (e.g. Pl. 4, fig. 331) PALAEODREPANA (p. 92) Ground-colour of upper surface of fore wing much darker than that of hind wing. Distal third of hind wing yellowish white, paler than rest of wing (PI. 11, fig. 357) DIDYMANA (p. 92) Base and proximal part of shaft of antennae clothed in highly lustrous scales NORDSTROEMIA (part) (p. 69) Antennae without highly lustrous scales. ‘ ‘ ° : 17 Ground-colour of upper surface of wings yellow . ; ; TRIDREPANA (p. 111) Ground-colour of upper surface of wings not yellow. . : s 18 Postmedial fascia on upper surface of fore wing straight (e.g. Pl. 3, lati 31 5). : 19 Postmedial fascia on upper surface of fore wing not straight . . 24 Postmedial fascia on upper surface of hind wing arcuate ; dentate or non- dentate ; 20 Postmedial fascia on upper surface of hind wing straight ; ; not dentate : 21 Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs. : : - - : AGNIDRA (p. 29) Hind tibia with one pair of spurs. : . DREPANA (part) (p. 103) Proximal half of costa of fore wing concave or straight strongly convex near apex (e.g, Pl. tr, fig. 366) . ’ : : CANUCHA (p. 99) Proximal half of costa convex ; not strongly convex near apex . : : : 22 Antenna uniserrate : : ; : : AGNIDRA hoe (p. 29) Antenna bipectinate or lamellate : : ; 23 Subterminal fascia on upper surface of fore and hind wings represented by series of dots ; fascia darker than rest of wing . a . ALBARA (p. 16) Subterminal fascia absent or Sd ieee on fore and hind wings by markings other than dots . 3 ; : : E = BETALBARA (p. 46) Hind tibia with one pair of spurs ; : : : : - : < : 25 16 A. WATSON — Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs . ‘ : > - : 26 25 Postmedial fascia on upper surface of panel wing suite ; the convex side of each lunula faces base of wing : . . STREPSIGONIA (p. 97) — Postmedial fascia on hind wing not hone or, i lunulate, the convex side of each lunula faces outer margin of wing . ; . DREPANA (part) (p. 103) 26 Hind wing without markings or with ease of ee at anal margin NORDSTROEMIA (part) (p. 69) — Hind wing with well-developed pattern . : : 27 27 Antemedial fascia on fore and hind wings straight (Pl. 13; fig. 385) MACRAUZATA (p. 142) — Antemedial fascia on fore and hind wing not straight . : ‘ : - : 28 28 Arms of uncus in male genitalia robust and widely separated . PARALBARA (p. I9) — Male genitalia not asabove . c , : : . AGNIDRA (part) (p. 29) ALBARA Walker (Pl. 1, figs. 296-297 ; Text-figs. 1-7) Albava Walker, 1866 : 1566. [Name adopted from multiple original spelling by the first reviser, Kirby, 1892 : 734.] Type-species, by monotypy, Albarva reversaria Walker, 1866 : 1567. Albava Walker ; Gaede, 1931 : 31. [Partim.| ‘ Albaria’ ; Walker, 1866 : 1567. [An incorrect original spelling of Albava Walker. | 3g. Palp extends to just above labrum ; proximal three-fifths of antenna bipectinate. Upper surface of wings, thorax and abdomen dark violet-grey ; fore wing with weakly marked antemedial fascia, strongly marked oblique postmedial fascia, short arcuate line proximal to postmedial near wing apex, and with ill-defined interrupted subterminal fascia ; hind wing similar to fore wing. Under surface of wings, thorax and abdomen very pale violet-grey, paler and more yellowish at anterior and posterior margins. Vein FR, arises from near distal end of cell and FR» from areole in fore wing ; Sc + Ri approximates to Rs for short distance distal to end of cell in hind wing. Mesothoracic tibia with one pair of terminal spurs ; meta- thoracic tibia with two pairs of spurs. 6 genitalia : valves short, with processes ; arms of uncus widely separated ; socii small ; diaphragma with strongly sclerotized medial structure ; eighth abdominal tergite and sternite, and asymmetric seventh sternite forming part of genital apparatus. 9. As for male but with weakly biserrate antennae. 9 genitalia with asymmetrically placed ostium ; corpus bursae without signum ; eighth and ninth tergites lobate, well developed. Albara is probably most closely allied to Paralbara gen. n. It can be separated from the latter by differences in the wing-pattern and in the male and female genitalia. Albara Walker, sensu Gaede (1931), has been partly restricted and revised by Bryk (1943) and Inoue (1953, 1962). The only species which can be placed correctly in Albara is in fact the type-species. The remaining species are transferred in this paper to one or other of the following genera : Paralbara gen. n., Agnidra Walker, Pseudalbara Inoue, Betalbara Matsumura, Nordstroemia Bryk, and Thymistadopsis Warren. Distribution (see Table 1) : N. India, China, Formosa, Malaysia and Indonesia. CHINESE DREPANINAE 17 Albara reversaria Walker (Pl. 1, figs. 296, 297 ; Text-figs. 1-7) ‘ Albaria’ veversaria Walker, 1886 : 1567. Two subspecies are known : the nominate subspecies (Sumatra), and opalescens Warren (India, Formosa, China). Two males and eleven females in the BM(NH), from Malaya, differ from the Sumatran material in minor genitalic characters and may prove to represent a new subspecies. Albara reversaria reversaria Walker (Text-figs. 1-4) Albava reversaria Walker ; Gaede, 1931 : 33. Readily distinguished from opalescens Warren by the ¢ genitalia (Text-figs. 1-3), particularly by the shape of the anellus, basal valve processes, medial gnathus process, socii and uncus. Measurements. ¢g 16:0 mm. (I) ; 2 15-0-18-5 mm. (8). Material examined. Holotype 9, Sumatra ; in the Hope Department Museum, Oxford. An examination of the genitalia slide made from the abdomen found attached to the type (Drepanidae slide No. 263) has shown that this is not the original abdomen. However the BM(NH) possesses a male and female from Sumatra, the abdomens of which had not been glued on and are doubtless genuine. Other material BM(NH). SuMatTRA: I 4g, Barisan Range, Western slopes, 2500 ft., x—xi.1961 (Pratt) ; 1 9, Lebong Tandai, 6.xii.1g21 (Brooks). Albara reversaria opalescens Warren stat. n. (Pl. 1, figs. 296, 297 ; Text-figs. 5-7) Albara opalescens Warren, 1897 : 12. Albara opalescens Warren ; Warren, 1922 : 468. [Fig.] Albara opalescens Warren ; Gaede, 1931 : 32. Albara griseotincta Wileman, 1914: 268. syn. n. Albara griseotincta Wileman ; Gaede, 1931 : 31. Albara horishana Matsumura, 1921: 948. syn. n. Apparently indistinguishable externally from the nominate subspecies, but with distinctive male genitalia. The female is unknown. Wing. 3 15-0-19°5 mm. (9). I have not seen the type of horishana Matsumura, but this has been kindly examined for me in Japan by Dr. H. Inoue. Material examined. Types. opalescens. LECTOTYPE 4g, here selected, labelled : Khasis, Oct. 1895, Nat. Coll. ; Albara opalescens Warr. Type ¢; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 782. In the BM(NH). 18 A. WATSON 5 6 Fics. 1-7. Albara, genitalia. 1-4, veversaria veversavia. 1,3; 2, aedeagus ; 3, seventh and eighth sternites, and eighth tergite ; 4, 9. 5-7, veversaria opalescens, 3. 5,3; 6, aedeagus ; 7, seventh and eighth sternites, and eighth tergite. CHINESE DREPANINAE 19 griseotincta. Holotype 3, Formosa : Kanshirei, 1,000 ft., 20,29.v.1906 (Wileman). In the BM(NH). Other material. BM(NH). Formosa: 1 g, Central Formosa, 1959. INDIA : 6 g, Khasis, x.1895 (2 ex.). Musewm Koenig, Bonn. CHINA: I 4, Kwangtung, Linping, I.iv.1924 (Héne). PARALBARA Gen. n. (Pl. 1, figs. 294, 295, 298, 299 ; Text-figs. 8-20) (Gender : feminine) Type-species Fascellina muscularia Walker, 1866 : 1554. 6. Palp extends to just above labrum. Antenna bipectinate from base to about three- quarters of its length. Upper surface of wings dull greyish brown or buff. Vein R; arises from distal end of cell in fore wing and Fe from distal end of areole. Fore wing with poorly marked, lunulate antemedial and postmedial fasciae ; usually with ill-defined subterminal fascia or spots ; and with spot, or group of spots or patches, at posterior angle of cell. In hind wing Sc + R, approximates to Fs for short distance distal to end of cell ; similar to fore wing in pattern but with subterminal fascia very weakly marked. Under surface of wings pale lustrous grey or greyish buff, with diffusely marked postmedial and subterminal fascia ; wings darkest proximal to postmedial fascia. Thorax and abdomen similar in colour to adjacent surface of wings. Mesothoracic tibia with one pair of spurs, metathoracic tibia with two pairs of spurs. 6 genitalia : seventh abdominal sternum modified into two sclerites, asymmetric ; eighth tergite tapered or truncate posteriorly ; eighth sternite narrow anteroposteriorly ; valve small with large inwardly directed process at base ; saccus well-developed ; diaphragma with medial sclerotization, very strongly developed in spicula ; uncus bifid, robust ; aedeagus sinuous. 9. As for § but with weakly biserrate antennae and apex of fore wing more strongly pro- duced. genitalia : seventh abdominal sternite emarginate posteromedially ; bursa copulatrix with single ovate, concave signum, or without signum ; ostium surrounded by nearly circular plate ; eighth and ninth tergites moderately well sclerotized. Paralbara can be distinguished from its closest apparent relative, A/bara Walker, by the wing-pattern and by the genitalia of both sexes. I include in this genus two species transferred from Albara Walker and two new species. Distribution. N. India, Sikkim, Bhutan, Burma, China (muscularia, pallidinota, spicula) and Malaysia. (See Table 1.) KEY TO SPECIES. BOTH SEXES I Single, large, pale, diffusely marked patch distal to end of cell on fore wing (PI. 1, fig. 295). Q genitalia as in Text-fig. 20 . ; : pallidinota (p. 24) — Fore wing with pale patch absent distal to end of cell or if present then associated with other patches immediately posterior to it. 9 genitalia not as in Text-fig. 20 : ze 2 Collar and base of antenna orange-yellow ; anterior part of subterminal fascia on 20 A. WATSON fore wing dark brown ; costa orange-yellow ; postmedial fascia on hind wing simple (Pl. 1, fig. 294). Genitalia as in Text-figs. 8-11 : . muscularia (p. 20) — Collar and base of antenna without orange-yellow scales ; anterior part of sub- terminal fascia on fore wing pale grey (lighter than surrounding area of wing (PI. 1, figs. 298, 299) ; costa not orange-yellow ; postmedial fascia of hind wing double. Genitalia not as in Text-figs. 8-11 . < : : . : j : 3 3 Genitalia as in Text-figs. 12-15 . : F ‘ ‘ ; : perhamata (p. 22) — Genitalia as in Text-figs. 16-18 . : : : : : - : sSpicula p. 22) Paralbara muscularia (Walker) comb. n. (Pl. 1, fig. 294 ; Text-figs. 8-11) Fascellina muscularia Walker, 1866 : 1554. Albava muscularia (Walker) Warren, 1922 : 468. Albava muscularia (Walker) ; Gaede, 1931 : 32. Drepana orphnina Hampson, [1893] : 337. syn. n. Albava orphnina (Hampson) Warren, 1922 : 468. Albava orphnina (Hampson) ; Gaede, 1931 : 32. [The male and female syntypes of Albava orphnina ab. subpallida Warren are conspecific with the neotype of muscularia.] Albara inaequidiscata Warren, 1922 : 469. [Good figs.] syn. n. Distinguished from the closely allied perhamata by the following characters: collar and base of antenna orange-yellow ; fore wing with anterior part of sub- terminal fasciae dark brown ; costa orange-yellow ; postmedial fascia of hind wing simple, all fascia poorly marked ; distal half of wing only slightly paler than proximal half. The male and female genitalia are characteristic (Text-figs. 8-11). Wing. ¢ 14°5-20'5 mm. (24) ; 9 17-0-20°5 mm. (10). There is some variation in the size of the whitish cell markings on the upper surface of the wings. In the lectotype and paralectotype of imaequidiscata and in one other male specimen these markings are large and conspicuous (see Warren, 1922 : pl. 4of). In the remaining specimens the cell markings are either minute or absent. Distribution. N. India, N. Burma, and China. Material examined. Types. muscularia. No trace can be found of the original type material which was stated by Walker (1866 : 1554) to be male, from ‘ North Hindostan ’, and to be deposited in the collection of A. E. Russell. The Russell collection, however, is apparently lost (see Horn and Kahle, 1937 : 380). There is no trace of the type material either in the BM(NH) or in the Hope Department Museum, Oxford, where much of Walker’s original material is deposited. I there- fore select as NEOTYPE a ¢ in the collection of the BM(NH) labelled: Darjeeling, 22.vi1.1886 (H. J. Elwes) ; Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939-1 ; B. M. negative No. 29101. orphnina. Holotype g, India, Naga Hills, 5500-7000 ft., viii-ix.1899 (Doherty) ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 948. In the BM(NH). inaequidiscata. LECTOTYPE 4, here selected Khasis Nat. Coll. ; H. J. Elwes ; Albara inaequidiscata Type § Warr. ; Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939-1. In the BM(NH). Fics. 8-11. CHINESE DREPANINAE = SF 2 % : Paralbara muscularia, genitalia. 8, 9; 9, g; 10, g seventh and eighth sternites and eighth tergite ; 11, aedeagus. 21 Ze, A. WATSON Other material BM(NH). INpIA: 2 4, 2 9, Assam, Khasis, 1894; 1 gf, 1 9 Cherrapunji, vii.1893 ; 4 4, Darjeeling, 20.vii.1886, 6.i1i.1889 (Elwes, Pilcher) ; 1 ¢, Shillong, 26.x.1918. 1 ¢, Bengal; 1G, N. India; 1. (sama =; 30 14.ix.1888, 1889, 8.vii.1891, ix.1909 (Elwes, Dudgeon, Moller). BuutTaN: I Q. BurMA : 14, 19, Upper Burma, Htawgaw, 6000 ft. (Swann) ; 1g. N. E. Burma, Kambaiti, 7000 ft., 9.vi.1934 (Malaise) ; 3 3, Mt. Victoria, Pakokku, Chin Hills, 2200 M., 5—30.vi.1938 (Heinrich). CHINA: I 9, Kwanhsien [this may prove to represent a new subspecies]. Paralbara perhamata (Hampson) comb. n. (Pl. 1, fig. 299 ; Text-figs. 12-15) Drepana perhamata Hampson, [1893] : 336. Albarva perhamata (Hampson) Warren, 1922 : 468. [Figs.] Albava perhamata (Hampson) ; Gaede, 1931 : 32. This species apparently forms a superspecies with spicula, from which it is distin- guished only by the genitalia. It is separable from muscularia by the absence of orange-brown scaling on the costa, collar and antenna, by the very pale postmedial fascia on the fore wing, and by the usually yellowish brown distal half of the hind wing, bordered proximally by a double postmedial fascia. The male and female genitalia are also diagnostic. Wing. ¢ 16:0-19:9 mm. (12) ; 9 21-5 mm. (1). Distribution. N. E. India and Sikkim. Material examined. Type. I select as LECTOTYPE a 9Q syntype in the BM(NH) labelled : Jaintia [N. E. India], 2-4000, Oct. 87 ; Drepana perhamata Hmpsn 9 ; Coll. H. J. Elwes ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 950. Other material BM(NH). InpDiA: 7 4, Assam, Khasia Hills; 1 g, Naga Hills, 1500 ft., ix—x.1889 (Doherty). SIKKIM : ix.1909 (Méller). Paralbara spicula sp. n. (Pl. 1, fig. 298 ; Text-figs. 16-19) The male and female genitalia distinguish this species from pevhamata ; in particular, the shape of the seventh sternite, uncus, and the elongate gnathus processes and socii in the male, and the ostial plate in the female. Wing. 4 14.5-17.0 mm. (5); 2 42.5 mm. (1). Holotype g. S. Cuina: [Kwangtung], Linpging, v.1922 (Héne) ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 947. In the Museum Koenig, Bonn. Paratypes. Museum Koemg, Bonn. CHINA: 2 g, Kwangtung, Lingping, 3.v.1922 (Hone) ; 1 g, Kwangtung, Canton (Hone). Other material. I g, without abdomen, from Fukien, Kuatan, in the Museum CHINESE DREPANINAE 15 Fics. 12-15. Pavralbara perhamata, genitalia. 12, ; 13, aedeagus; 14, g¢ seventh and eighth sternites and eighth tergite ; 15, 9. 23 24 A. WATSON Koenig, Bonn, probably represents this species. 1 g, Borneo, in the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin (see below). This species apparently replaces perhamata in China, the two forming a super- species. The single male from Borneo, Kina Balu, probably represents a new sub- species of spicula. Paralbara pallidinota sp. n. (Pl. 1, fig. 295 ; Text-fig. 20) Readily distinguished from its close allies perhamata and muscularia by the colour- pattern and the distinctive female genitalia, especially the shape of the ostial plate and the presence of a signum. ¢. Vertex of head and outer surface of palp dark brown ; front of head dark brown, but brown just above labrum ; collar pale yellow-brown; antenna pale greyish brown. Thorax and abdomen greyish brown dorsally, much paler ventrally. Wing-pattern of upper surface as in Pl. 1, fig. 295: palest areas grey ; ground-colour brown with proximal half of fore wing reddish brown ; slightly lustrous ; costa of fore wing dull yellowish orange. Under surface of both wings very pale brownish grey, each with broad, slightly darker band along outer margin ; fore wing darker at base costad and with dull yellowish orange costal area distad. Outer surface of prothoracic leg dark brown ; outer surface of mesothoracic leg pale greyish brown ; legs otherwise very pale brownish grey. ® genitalia as in Text-fig. 20. Wing. Y 20:0-22-0 mm. (2). 36. Not known. Holotype 9. Cutna: N. Yunnan, Likiang, c. 2000 m., 8.viii.1934 (Héne) ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 953. In the Museum Koenig, Bonn. Paratype. Museum Koenig, Bonn. CuHinA: I 9, N. Yunnan, Likiang, 8.viii-— 16.1x.1934 (Hone). THYMISTIDA Walker (Pl. 1, fig. 300, Pl. 14, figs. 389-392 ; Text-figs. 21-24) Thymistida Walker, 1865 : 515. Type-species Thymistida tripunctata Walker, 1865 : 515, by monotypy. Thymistida Walker ; Warren, 1923 : 474. Thymistida Walker ; Gaede, 1931 : 39. Hybodrepana Bryk, 1943 : 22. Type-species Hybodrepana grotesca Bryk, 1943 : 23, by monotypy syn. n. Thymistida appears to be most closely allied to Agnidva. Its most distinctive feature is the presence of a short tail on the hind wing (see Plate 1). Three species are known : nigvitincta Warren (India, Burma), tvipunctata Walker (India, Burma, China) and wndilineata Warren (1923 : 474) (N.E. India). (See Table 1.) The species nigritincta together with the sole Chinese representative, tripunctata, are dealt with below and the opportunity taken to unravel their synonymy. The latter two species both occur in India and Burma and are similar in colour pattern. 25 CHINESE DREPANINAE ‘P‘gr i sndeopoe ‘Li !{ 9319103 ‘eleyUas P ‘nyno1ds wangqiwavg ‘gI-QI ‘SOY YyyYsIe pur sozuJe}s YIYSIO pue YWUIAAS ‘QI 26 FIGs. 19, 20. A. WATSON Pavralbara, 2 genitalia : 19, spicula ; Woe 9) je Lf 20, pallidinota. CHINESE DREPANINAE 27 Thymistida nigritincta Warren (Pl. 1, fig. 300 ; Text-figs. 21-24) Thymistida nigritincta Warren, 1923: 474. [Published simultaneously with rufa ; here selected as the valid name for this taxon.] Thymistida nigritincta Warren ; Gaede, 1931 : 39. Thymistida rufa Warren ; 1923: 475. Syn. n. Hybodrepana grotesca Bryk, 1943 : 23. syn. n. This species can be distinguished from tvipunctata Walker (q.v.) by the shorter antennal pectinations in the male (longest pectination equal to about three quarters greatest width of eye), the distinctively shaped costa of the fore wing, and by the male and female genitalia. Distribution. N.E. India and N. Burma. Types. migritincta. LECTOTYPE Q, here selected, in the BM(NH), labelled : Khasis, June 1895, Nat. Coll. ; Thymistida mgritincta Type 2 Warr. ; Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1 ; B.M. negative No. 29118. rufa. LECTOTYPE 4, here selected, labelled “‘ Khasis ”’ ” In the BM(NH). grotesca. Holotype g, N.E. Burma, Kambaiti ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 1047 ; in Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm. Thymistida tripunctata Walker (PI. 14, figs. 389-392) Thymistida tripunctata Walker, 1865 : 515. Thymistida tripunctata Walker ; Warren, 1923 : 474. [Good fig.} Thymistida tripunctata Walker ; Hampson, [1893] : 343. Thymistida tripunctata Walker ; Gaede, 1931 : 39. Evosia cervinavia Moore, 1867 : 646. [Synonymized by Hampson [1893].] Thymistida nigritincta divisa Bryk, 1943 : 23. syn. n. This species is readily separated from the similarly marked nigritincta by the much larger antennal pectinations in the male (longest pectination equal to over twice greatest width of eye), the less sinuous costa of the fore wing, and by the male and female genitalia. Distribution. N.E. India, N. Burma and China (2 9, from Siao-Lou, Szechwan, in the BM(NH)). Types. tripunctata. Holotype g, labelled ‘E. India’. In the BM(NH). The locality is given as ‘ Hindustan’ in the original description. The abdomen of the holotype is missing. cervinaria. The syntypes stated to be from Bengal are lost according to Horn and Kahle (1937 : 380), but there is a short series in BM(NH) from the Moore Coll. labelled cervinaria. divisa. Holotype 9, N.E. Burma, Kambaiti ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 1049. In Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm. 28 FIGs. 21-24. A. WATSON Thymistida nigritincta, genitalia. 21,3 ; 22, ¢ seventh and eighth sternites, and eighth tergite ; 23, aedeagus ; 24, 9. CHINESE DREPANINAE 29 AGNIDRA Moore gen. rev. (Pls. 1, 2, figs. 301-311 ; Text-figs. 25-71) Agnidra Moore, [1868] : 618. Type-species, here designated, Fascellina specularia Walker, 1866 : 1553. Zanclalbara Inoue, 1962 : 27. Type-species Drepana scabiosa Butler, 1877 : 478, by monotypy. syn. n. Albara Walker sensu Gaede, 1931 : 31. [Partim.] 3g. Palp extends to just above labrum. Antenna bipectinate from base to between one half and four-fifths of its length, except in fenestva which has uniserrate ciliate antenna. Mesothoracic tibia with one pair of spurs, metathoracic tibiae with two pairs of spurs. Prothoracic tibia with well-developed brush-organ in scabiosa, hoenei and fuscilinea. Vein RF, in fore wing arises from distal end of cell ; 2 arises from just distal to end of areole in fenestra, otherwise from distal end of areole. In the hind wing Sc + R, approximates to Rs except in fenestra in which Sc + R, anastomoses with Rs for some distance distal to end of cell. Upper surface of wings buff, yellowish grey or yellowish brown ; sinuous antemedial fascia simple or double ; discocellular cell-spot and posterior cell-spot usually present ; pale patches at end of cell in some species ; postmedial fascia double, lunulate, sinuous or straight, well-marked in most species ; subterminal fascia double, usually ill-defined except for short distance just before apex. Under surface of wings yellow, buff or yellowish grey ; cell-spots present or absent ; postmedial fascia well-marked in some species, hardly visible in others ; subterminal variously marked. 6 genitalia : valve elongate in specularia, vinacea and corticata, short in other species, with variously shaped processes or setae at base ; socius well-developed ; diaphragma sclerotized medially ; uncus simple in vinacea and corticata, absent in specularia, bifurcate to varying extent in remaining species ; seventh abdominal sternum modified except in fenestra, asymmetric in corticata francki ; eighth abdominal tergite emarginate or convex posteriorly ; eighth sternite a narrow transverse plate in discispilaria, otherwise elongate, with lateral sclerite on either side except in fenestra ; long eversible sac on either side of eighth sternite in corticata and specularia. 9. As for male but antennae very weakly uniserrate (all except fenestyva) or uniserrate and cilate (fenestra), apex of fore wing more strongly produced, and prothoracic tibia without brush-organ. @ genitalia: signum ovate in fenestra, otherwise an elongate band ; eighth abdominal segment and ninth tergum moderately well sclerotized. Agmidra probably has closest affinities with Thymistida Walker and Betalbara Matsumura. It can be separated from the latter by the coloration and colour- pattern of the wings in both sexes and by the shape of the seventh and eighth abdominal sternites in the male. (The seventh sternite is unmodified in fenestra.) Agnidra is readily distinguished from Thymistida by the shape of the wings (see Plates). Ten species are now included in Agnidra and are dealt with below. Three of these are new ; two have been transferred from Drepana Schrank (fenestra and corticata), four from Albara Walker (discispilaria, fuscilinea, specularia, vinacea), and one from the monotypic Zanclalbara Inoue (scabiosa). Distribution. Ceylon (specularia), N. India (specularia, corticata, vinacea, discispilaria), Sikkim (specularia), Bhutan (specularia) N. Burma (vinacea, specularia, fenestra), Thailand (discispilaria), Vietnam (specularia), China (fulvior, furva, hoenet, corticata, fenestra, scabiosa), Korea (scabiosa), Japan (scabiosa) and Malaya (fuscilinea). 30 A. WATSON Seven of the ten species of Agnidra are endemic to the Indo-Chinese Subregion, specularia is shared between the Indo-Chinese and Indian Subregions, scabiosa is shared between the Indo-Chinese Subregion and the Manchurian Subregion, and fuscilinea is endemic to the Malayan Subregion. (See Table 1.) Certain tentative species groupings can be made in this genus: specularia, vinacea and corticata form one group ; scabiosa, fuscilinea, fulvior, furva, hoenet, and probably discispilaria, a second group. The latter could be subdivided by ex- tracting fulvior, furva and hoenei as one unit, discispilaria as a second, and scabiosa and fuscilinea as a third. On the evidence of the total external and genitalic characters studied, the species fenestra is probably most satisfactorily placed in Agnidra in spite of the venational and antennal difference between it and the rest of the genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AGNI DRA MaLeEs 1 Antenna uniserrate ; postmedial fascia on upper surface of fore and hind wing straight (Pl. 2, fig. 307) ; Sc + Ri anastomosed with Rs distal to cell in hind wing ; 7th sternum of abdomen unmodified : : . fenestra (p. 34) — Antenna bipectinate ; postmedial fascia on upper Gariate of fore and hind wings straight, lunulate or sinuous ; Sc + Ri ae ane to Rs distal to cell in hind wing ; 7th sternum of abdomen modified : 2 2 Postmedial fascia on upper surface of fore wing straight or eae so (e. g. Pl. I; fig. 505) 3 Postmedial fascia of upper surface of fore wing lunulate or sinous, not straight . 5 3 Prothoracic femur with large brush organ. Genitalia: valve not elongate : uncus bifid . é : : é fuscilinea (p. 44) — Prothoracic femur peo large bares sot Genitalia : cae lic uncus simple : : : 4 4 Area of pale foedea patthes on fe tg as in PL. 1 figs. 303, 304. Genitalia : gnathus not heavily spinose (Text-fig. 50) : : corticata (p. 39) — Area of pale medial patches on fore wing as in PI. 1, fig. 305). Genitalia : gnathus heavily spinose (Text-fig. 52) . ; vinacea (p. 40) 5 Area of pale patches on hind wing as in (PL. Py fig. Roby. Gee : uncus absent (Text-fig. 41) : : specularia (p. 36) — Area of pale patches small ie g. PL. Bs fies 369). Gaia : uncus present : , 6 6 Pale patches on each wing encircled by ring of dark scales (Pl. 2, fig. 308) discispilaria (p. 44) — Pale patches on each wing not encircled by ring of dark scales : ; ‘ F 7 7 Transverse fasciae lunulate on both wings . é : : = : : : 8 — Transverse fasciae non-lunulate on both wings. (PI. 1, figs. 301, 302) scabiosa (p. 42) 8 Prothoracic femur with well-developed brush-organ. Genitalia as in Text-figs. 68-71 hoenei (p. 31) — Prothoracic femur without brush-organ. Genitalia not as in hoenei g Fore wing moderately falcate (Pl. 2, fig. 311) ; ground-colour of upper Sreese brownish buff. Genitalia as in Text-figs. 30-33 : furva (p. 33) — Fore wing weakly falcate (Pl. 2, fig. 310) ; ground- leas of upper surface buff. Genitalia as in Text-figs. 25-28 : F j : ‘ : . fulvior (p. 31) CHINESE DREPANINAE 31 Agnidra hoenei sp. n. (Pl. 2, fig. 309 ; Text-figs. 29, 68-71) 6. Vertex of head and base of antenna dark reddish brown ; rest of antenna, front of head and outer surface of palp brownish buff ; antenna bipectinate from base to about four-fifths of its length. Collar yellow. Thorax and abdomen similar in colour to corresponding surface of wing. Colour-pattern of wings as in Pl. 2, fig. 309. Ground-colour of upper surface of fore wing buff, variable in tone, moderately lustrous ; pale whitish medial patches sometimes strongly irrorate with dark brown ; remaining markings pale purplish brown, except for dark brown edge to medial patches and dark brown anterior markings of subterminal fascia. Ground-colour of hind wing usually slightly paler than fore wing, moderately lustrous ; markings pale purplish brown, except for patch at end of cell (as for fore wing). Under surface of both wings brownish yellow-orange, slightly lustrous. Both wings with brownish grey subterminal and postmedial fasciae anteriorly, or in some specimens (e.g. holotype) with subterminal moderately well-marked anteriorly but with only a trace of postmedial fascia. Well-marked dark brown discocellular spot on fore wing and smaller faintly marked spot at posterodistal angle of cell ; hind wing with similarly placed but poorly defined cell- spots. J Prothoracic leg with brush-organ ; outer surface of femur, tibia and tarsus dark greyish brown ; legs otherwise as for colour of under surface of wings. Mesothoracic tibia with fringe of long hair-scales on inner surface. 3 genitalia as in Text-figs. 68-71. ®. Similar to male but with ciliate, very weakly biserrate antennae, and prothoracic and mesothoracic legs with normal vestiture of scales. 2 genitalia as in Text-fig. 29. Wing. 3 17:5-20:0 mm. (14) ; 2 19:5-21-0 mm. (14). Closely related to furva and fulvior but separated from both by the genitalia (especially the aedeagus) and the presence of a brush-organ on the male fore leg, and from furva by the coloration, colour-pattern of both wings and the less strongly falcate fore wing. Distribution. Known only from the type-locality, which is also the only known locality for its closest relative fulvior. Holotype gf. Cuina: N. Yunnan, Likiang, 8.vi.1934 (Héne) ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 968. In the Museum Koenig, Bonn. Paratypes. Museum Koenig, Bonn. CHINA: 144 and 14 9, N. Yunnan, Likiang, 8.vi.34, 2.v—3.x.1935 (Héne). Daniel Collection, Munich. CHINA: 2 g, 1 9, N. Yunnan, Likiang, 6.vi, 28.ix.1934, 5.1x.1935 (Héne). BM(NH). CHINA; 34,1 9, N. Yunnan, Likiang, I.vii-7.1x.1934, 19.1x—3.x.1935 (Héne). Agnidra fulvior sp. n. (Pl. 2, fig. 310 ; Text-figs. 25-28, 34) 6. Whole of head and outer surface of palp dark reddish brown. Antenna greyish brown, darkest at base. Bipectinate from base to four-fifths of its length. Collar light buff. Thorax and abdomen reddish buff dorsally, pale buff ventrally. Colour-pattern of upper surface of wings as in Pl. 2, fig. 310 ; coloration as for hoenei but with ground-colour of both wings usually duller, more brownish, and with medial patches of 32 Fics. 25-29. A. WATSON Agnidra, genitalia. 25-28, fulvior, 3. \ 25, seventh sternite ; tergite and sternite ; 27, ; 28, aedeagus. 20, hoenei, 9. 26, eighth CHINESE DREPANINAE 33 fore wing invariably irrorate with brown. Under surface of both wings dull brownish yellow with only cell-spots well-marked ; fasciae similar to hoenei, but diffusely marked. Outer surface of fore leg dark brown ; legs otherwise pale buff. 3 genitalia as in Text-figs. 34a—34d. 9. Similar to male but with very weakly biserrate, ciliate antenna. 2 genitalia as in Text-fig. 34. Wing. ¢ 19°5-20°5 mm. (7) ; 2 20°5 (1). Readily distinguished from the closely related furva by the colour-pattern and by the less strongly falcate fore wings ; from hoenez, probably its closest ally, by the lack of a brush-organ on the male fore leg ; and from both species by differences in the male genitalia (especially in the aedeagus). Distribution. Known only from the type locality (China, Yunnan). Holotype g. CuHina: N. Yunnan, Likiang, 22.vi.1935, (Hdéne) ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 964. In the Museum Koenig, Bonn. Paratypes. Museum Koenig, Bonn. CHINA: 3 4, 2 9, N. Yunnan, Likiang, 22.Vi-g.vili.1935 (Héne). Daniel Collection, Munich. Cuina.: 1 g, N. Yunnan, Likiang, 3.1x.1935 (Héne). BM(NH). Cuina: 2, N. Yunnan, Likiang, 30.vii-— 7.Vill.1935 (Hone). Agnidra furva sp. n. (Pl. 2, fig. 311 ; Text-figs. 30-33) g. Head and outer surface of palp greyish brown. Antenna greyish brown at base, paler distally ; bipectinate from base to four-fifths of its length. Collar brownish white. Thorax brownish buff dorsally, buff ventrally. Colour-pattern of upper surface of wings as in Pl. 2, fig. 311. Ground-colour of upper surface of fore wing brownish buff ; fasciae greyish brown, anterior part of subterminal fascia very dark brown ; pale brown medial patches irrorate with greyish brown. Hind wing slightly more yellowish buff on upper surface but brownish buff at base and distal to subterminal fascia, colour of markings as on fore wing. Under surface of both wings buff, but greyish brown medially and distally in fore wing and antero-distally in hind wing. Under surface of fore wing with moderately well-marked, greyish brown, double postmedial fascia and trace of subterminal fascia ; well marked, dark brown discocellular spot and similar but smaller spot at posterior angle of cell. Under surface of hind wing similar to fore wing but with discocellular spot smaller than posterior cell-spot. Legs buff but with outer surface of fore leg greyish brown. Abdomen greyish buff dorsally, paler posteriorly ; buff ventrally. 6 genitalia as in Text-figs. 30-33. 9. Not known. Wing. ¢ 37:0-38-0 mm. (3). Separated from the closely related hoenei and fulvior by the more strongly falcate fore wings, the brownish buff ground-colour of the wings, the more strongly marked postmedial fascia on the upper surface of both wings and by the male genitalia (particularly the aedeagus). Holotype g. Cutna: Tsékou, 1900 (Dubernard) ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 966. In the BM(NH). Paratypes. BM(NH). Cuina: 2, N. Yunnan, Tsékou, 1898-1900 (Dubernara). 34 A. WATSON Agnidra fenestra (Leech) comb. n. (Pl. 2, fig. 307 ; Text-figs. 35-38) Drepana fenestra Leech, 1898 : 368. Drepana fenestra Leech ; Strand, 1911 : 202. [Good fig.] Dyrepana fenestva Leech ; Gaede, 1931 : 26. In contrast to each of the remaining species of the genus, fenestra has uniserrate antennae in both sexes, Rg of the fore wing arises from just distal to the end of the areole, and in the hind wing Sc + R, anastomoses with Rs for some distance distal to the end of the cell. The male genitalia differ in possessing an unmodified seventh 31 Fics. 30-34. Agnidrva, genitalia. 30-33, furva. 30, ¢ eighth sternite; 31, J; 32, 3 seventh sternite ; 33, aedeagus. 34, fulvior, 9. CHINESE DREPANINAE 35 In coloration and colour-pattern fenestra resembles a small corticata or vinacea, but is easily distinguished by the translucent patches at the distal end of the cell and by the well-defined confluent postmedial fascia on the upper surface of the fore and hind wing. Wing. ¢ 12:0-14:0 mm. (10) ; 2 13:0-15-5 mm. (6). Distribution. N. E. Burma, China (Szechwan, Yunnan, Shensi). abdominal sternum. om ' . s ’ ‘ 1 4 37 38 Fics. 35-38.